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Casas Grandes (Spanish for ''Great Houses''; also known as Paquimé) is an archaeological site approximately south of US Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument ruins and was built by the Mogollon people. It is the contemporary name given to a pre-Columbian archaeological zone and its central site, located in the modern-day Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is one of the largest and most complex Mogollon culture sites in the region. Settlement began after 1130 CE, and would see the larger buildings developed into multi-storied dwellings after 1350 CE. The community was abandoned approximately 1450 CE. Cases Grandes is regarded as one of the most significant Mogollon archaeological zones in the northwestern Mexico region,〔Phillips and Bagwell (2001)〕 linking it to other sites in Arizona and New Mexico in the United States, and exhibiting the expanse of the Mogollon sphere of influence. Casas Grandes complex is located in a wide, fertile valley on the Casas Grandes or San Miguel River, south of Janos and northwest of the state capital, the city of Chihuahua. The settlement relied on irrigation to support its agriculture. Casas Grandes has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is under the purview of INAH. The archaeological zone is contained within the eponymous modern ''municipio'' (municipality) of Casas Grandes.〔Not to be confused with the adjoining, separate Chihuahuan municipality, Nuevo Casas Grandes.〕 The valley and region have been inhabited by indigenous groups for thousands of years. == Pre-Columbian culture == Between CE 1130 and 1300, the area's inhabitants began to congregate in small settlements in this wide fertile valley. The largest identified settlement is known today as Paquimé or Casas Grandes. It began as a group of 20 or more house clusters, each with a plaza and enclosing wall. These single-story adobe dwellings shared a common water system. Evidence shows that Paquimé had a complex water control system that included underground drain systems, reservoirs, channels for water to get to the homes, and a sewage system.〔Deeds (2000), p. 49〕 After being burned about 1340, Casas Grandes was rebuilt with multi-story apartment buildings to replace the small buildings. Casas Grandes consisted of about 2,000 adjoining rooms built of adobe, I-shaped Mesoamerican ballcourts, stone-faced platforms, effigy mounds, and a market area. About 350 other, smaller settlement sites have been found in the Casas Grandes area, some as far as 70 kilometers (39 miles) away. Archaeologists believe that the area directly controlled by Casas Grandes was relatively small, extending out about from the city.〔"The Casas Grandes Community." ''Archaeology Southwest, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 2003), p. 2〕 The population may have been about 2,500 in Casas Grandes with perhaps 10,000 people living within its area of control.〔"Archaeological Zone of Paquime, Casas Grandes" UNESCO.http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/560, accessed 24 May 2012〕 Specialized craft activities included the production of copper bells and ornaments, extensive pottery, and beads from marine molluscs. These crafts were probably distributed by an extensive trading network. Casas Grandes pottery has a white or reddish surface, with ornamentation in blue, red, brown, or black. It is sometimes considered of better manufacture than the modern pottery in the area. Effigy bowls and vessels were often formed in the shape of a painted human figure. Casas Grandes pottery was traded among prehistoric peoples as far north as present-day New Mexico and Arizona and throughout northern Mexico. The archaeologist Stephen Lekson has noted that Paquimé is aligned on roughly the same longitudinal axis as Chaco Canyon and Aztec Ruins, with an error of only a few miles. Chaco reached its cultural peak first, then Aztec and Paquimé. The similarities among these sites may indicate that their ruling elites also had a ceremonial connection. Lekson proposed that ruling elites, once removed from their prior positions at Chaco, re-established their hegemony over the area at Aztec and later Paquime. This idea, though, remains controversial and is not as widely accepted as often reported (cf. Lekson 2009). It has been proposed, and more widely accepted, that the origins of Paquime can be found in its connection with the Mogollon culture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=David )〕 Casas Grande effigy pot p1070225.jpg | Zoomorphic Figure Jar p1070229.jpg | Ramos Polychrome olla with macaw symbols Casas Grande effigy pot p1070227.jpg | Anthropomorphic Figurine Jar p1070228.jpg | Ramos Polychrome olla with Southwestern designs 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Casas Grandes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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